CLEANLINESS

SKIN CARE

COSMETICS

ORAL CARE & DENTISTRY

HAIR CARE

HAIRSTYLES

BODY HAIR

FEMININE HYGIENE

GENERAL HEALTHCARE

Hair Care
grooming tools, treatments, colouring
BRUSHES, COMBS & GRAVOURS - FALSE HAIRPIECES & WIGS
HAIR BALMS - HEADLICE & DANDRUFF TREATMENTS - COLOURING THE HAIR

Brushes, Combs & Gravours
Hairbrushes as we know then today do not appear to be mentioned during the middle ages, although combs are depicted and written about not only as a grooming tool, but as a suitable gift from a lover to his beloved lady. Such combs were often very elaborately carved or painted with scenes of courtly love or birds and animals and were part of a toiletries set.

Some combs folded out to form a kind of X whilst others were rigid and flat like the combs of today.

Archaeologists have uncovered some very beautiful examples of bone and ivory combs like the 1320 comb depicted at right. It is believed to be of Parisian workmanship and made of ivory. The design is typical of those of the period and it is likely to have been owned by a woman in the upper classes. Combs like this often were elaborately carved with a high degree of fine workmanship.

Another hairdressing aide widely used in the middle ages was the gravour. The gravour was a long, slender instrument used for parting the hair and probably also used for partitioning the hair whilst plaiting or styling some of the more elaborate hairstyles. Some gravours had beautifully carved handles as seen here at the left in this 1330 Paris example. The carved tip shown here is 7cm in length.

A French Royal account from 1316 describes a set of four grooming instruments: "mirror, comb, gravour and leather case" purchased for the sum of 74 shillings, which is quite substantial.

False Hairpieces & Wigs
In a time where modesty and virtue were embraced and desired, it seems unlikely that additional follicular adornments would be called for, but it appears that not only were wigs and false tresses in vogue but the makers of such items were in need of regulation and indeed had a guild of their own. Hair extensions have been found in archaeological digs dating from early times although only one or two examples date to the medieval period. A plaited silk hairpiece was found in London and dated to the 14th century.

None to surprisingly, the clergy tried to discourage the wearing of false hair by women as the sin of vanity. Gilles d'Orleans, a preacher from Paris in the 13th century reminded his parishioners that the wigs they wore were likely to be made from the shorn heads of those now suffering in hell or purgatory. False tresses were known to be made of flax, wool, cotton and silk.

Hair balms
Many herbal preparations were used to cleanse and protect the hair. As with older persons of today, hair loss was a concern which was attended to with balms and tinctures. Aloe vera, when mixed with wine, was believed to prevent hair loss by rubbing into the head. Hound's Tongue leaves bruised or the juice boiled in hog's lard and applied to the head helps with the falling away of hair. Other remedies included- the juice of Onion allium cepa rubbed on the head then laid in the sun; Peach tree kernels bruised and boiled in vinegar until they become thick applied to the head is a restorative and causes hair to grow upon bald places or where it is thinning; Quince Tree cotton or down of quinces boiled and laid as a plaster made up with wax, brings hair to them that are bald or assists with hair loss; the ashes Southernwood or Old Man Tree artemesia abrotanum mingled with salad oil causes hair to grow again whether on head or beard; Walnut juglans regia kernels burnt and taken in red wine stay the falling of hair on the head and make it fair, being anointed with oil and also White Maidenhair "The lee made thereof is singularly good for the skurf, and stayeth the falling of the hair, causing it to grow thick, fair and well-coloured. For this purpose, boil it in wine, put smallage seed and afterwards, some oil."

Headlice and dandruff treatments
Headlice was as much an issue to the medieval woman as her modern counterpart. Herbal remedies were used to help combat this issue. The juice of the young branches of Broom-Rape made into an ointment with hog's grease and heated as oil would kill body and head lice. Parsley petroselinum crispum repelled head lice, as did the oil from the seeds of Spurge or Garden Spurge. Staves-Acre seeds coarsely powdered and strewed in the hair was also remedy for head-lice.

To treat dandruff, an infusion of Cleavers galium aparine not only helped clear the skin but made a wash for dandruff. It was also believed that the leaves or bark of the willow tree in wine would take away dandruff by washing with it and a wash of beet with water and vinegar cleansed the head of dandruff and was warded off the shedding of hair as would the head washed Lesser Field Scabious. The image at right is a detail taken from a 15th century French manuscript by Boccaccio, the "de Claris Mulieribus" showing a woman using a medieval comb with close set teeth on one side not unlike our modern headlice combs. This style of comb persisted throughout the medieval period.

Colouring the hair
According to treatises which contain herbal remedies, medieval women did indeed dye their hair. Although blonde was the preferred and most fashionable colour, recipes for darker hair were known, perhaps to disguise grey hairs as they are today. One assumes that these recipes were intended only for women who had access to such ingredients or the funds to purchase them.

Recipes to turn the hair yellow include- The hair when washed with the lie made of ashes of the Barberry tree and water, will make it turn yellow. To dye the hair yellow, honey and white wine left overnight on the hair then a mixture of calendine roots, olive-madder, oil of cumin seed, box shavings and saffron was recommended. Wash off after 24 hours. Schroeder says "women in Germany use the buds of Black Poplar to make their hair grow thick and ornamental." although he does not state how.

Both Hortus Sanitatis and Dioscorides claimed that sage tea salvia officinalis dyes the hair black. Other recipes to dye the hair black include- Gall Oak omphacitis coals of burned galls being quenched in wine or vinegar; the leaves of bramble boiled in rye, a recipe which was perhaps available to poorer women who lived in the countryside and did not have the stuffs of the towns freely available to them. A more complicated recipes is as follows: To dye the hair black, a mixture of iron, gall nuts and alum boiled in vinegar and left on the head for two days was recommended.

Saffron or Saffon or Saf-Flower crocus sativus was a popularly used hair dye, although to produce which colour is uncertain. Opal necklaces were a favourite with blonde ladies as it was supposed that opals protected their fair hair from fading or darkening.

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