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experimental
archaeology

the Trotula's
hair powder

Bancke's
tooth
powder

Hildegarde von Bingen's
mouthwash

the Trotula's
tooth powder

Gilbertus Anglicus's breath freshener

the Trotula's Hair Powder
Making a medieval hair powder using the recipe
attributed to the Trotula in On Cosmetics.

The Trotula, or the set of three texts attributed to Trotula, includes a section called On Women's Cosmetics, and includes recipes for beauty. Among these, we find a hair powder, so that the hair remains sweetly scented. In the section about On Various Kinds of Adornments, it reads:

 

But when she combs her hair, let her have this powder.

Take some dried roses, clove, nutmeg, watercress and galangal. Let all these, powdered, be mixed with rose water.

With this water let her sprinkle her hair and comb it with a comb dipped in this same water so that [her hair] will smell better.

And let her make furrows in her hair and sprinkle on the above-mentioned powder, and it will smell marvelously.

I have recreated this powder and the scented rosewater to use in my MEDIEVAL BATH DISPLAY and have included a step by step guide to my approach, including my expectations and how it really worked out.

The overall verdict? An absolute delight and one recipe where Trotula really comes through.

The prep:

There were a number of things to think about before I started.

- Where can I get the ingrediants?
- Drying the ingredients or buying them pre-powdered or using them fresh?
- Air dry or oven dry the grown ingredients?
- How much of which ingredients should I use?
- Will it actually make any real difference?
- How long will it last?
- Do any of the plants have benefits associated with them which make them particularly useful?
- Watercress doesn't smell like anything in particular, so what does it bring to the mix?
- Which roses should I use?
- Can I buy galangal and watercress locally?
- When I add the rosewater to the powder, do I need to let it dry again and re-powder it?
- How much of the powder do I add to the rosewater for the combing water so it isn't gluggy?
- How long will it last as a hair powder?
- Do any of the spices and plants have benefits associated with them which makes them particularly useful for a hair powder other than that they smell nice?

What you need: Ingrediants Roses Galangal Watercress Cloves Nutmeg Rosewater Kitchen things Spoon Bowl for mixing Jug for rosewater Mortar and pestle for powdering
	Roses I bought regular roses from the supermarket and air dried them in a bunch in my kitchen. This was a terrible idea, as the rose heads took a really long time to dry. I had some in the cupboard which were quite old, but they still didn't powder well. For future rose powder, I would separate the petals and dry them on a tray in a really hot sun. These petals had some smell but like many modern roses, not a great deal, so for my next powder, I will use especially scented roses. I started with one spoon, but ended up adding a second one. Heritage roses would be ideal.
	Watercress After finding it powdered online expensively with added shipping, I was surprised to find it fresh at the supermarket. It smelled like wet plant when a few leaves were crushed but after drying, had a sweet meadow smell which was very nice. I dried this by blotting the excess moisture with paper towels and sun drying over several days. I would spread it thinner on the tray for drying next time. Initially, I used one spoon for the mix, but later added a second one.
	Galangal (Galingale) I bought this from an Indian Spice store but was able to find it afterwards in supermarkets. I will be planting in my garden for future fresh root but this was an easy option for me this time. It has a gingery smell which was very nice, and I used one spoon full.
	Cloves I bought this already powdered simply because I couldn't get hold of any whole ones at the moment, which was odd because it's usually very easy to get. The smell is quite strong, and I expected it to overpower everything else if I used an equal amount, but it was tempered by the other ingrediants. Hildegarde recommends cloves to clear stuffiness of the head, although whether Trotula chose it to include for that reason, I do not know.
	Nutmeg I bought powdered nutmeg although I already had some in my cupboard because I wanted fresh. I expected the nutmeg to make the entire powder reminiscent of baked cookies so I felt it was a good inclusion. Because I needed a starting point, I used a single spoon full for the powder, and it seemed to work well at that level.
	Rosewater I was honestly going to have a go at making some but on discovering four different brands of it at cheap prices, I piked out and bought some. I feel that even without the addition of any of the powder, it would be successful as a hair perfume by itself. Whether or not the spices would ruin it or mix well with it was to be seen. Update: I now have made some of my own rosewater and it's divine!
	Mortar and pestle I have a really great stone set which is sturdy enough to work well on most substances.

Method:

My plan was to buy what I could already prepared, and dry the other herbs myself without the use of modern ovens or drying implements. I felt that this would give me (perhaps) a more honest attempt at what might be achieved by a medieval woman at home. That said, I did buy the rosewater already made and several of the spices pre-ground. Mostly the reason for this was because I was genuinely unsure what quantities I would need to achieve a goodly amount of ground spices to use.

I checked some of the properties attributed to the plants being used in the hair powder to see if they were chosen for beneficial reasons, and was interested to note that Hildegarde von Bingen pairs nutmeg with galingale (galangal) to cure palsy of the brain and nutmeg itself against bitterness of the heart. Roses, we already know, are tied to the emotion, love.

The roses and the watercress were not completely dry enough to get a fine powder in the quantity I needed, so in order to make a start, I fine chopped the rose petals and gave the watercress a really thorough crushing with my hands.

I used a single spoon of each of the dry ingredients as a starting point expecting the cloves to completely overpower everything else in the mix and was very surprised to find that not only was the mix extremely nice on a one-to-one basis, it was also quite strong, meaning a little would go a long way. This is particularly good as the price of spices in the middle ages was likely to be expensive depending on where one lived. It wasn't going to be cheap and some of the plants were unlikely to have been locally grown.

I then added a heaped teaspoon to about a cup (or two cups? I didn't measure it first before I poured it in the jug) and stirred it into the rosewater. The mix didn't blend in especially well which left me to wonder whether a finer powder would have worked better, whether a really good shake would have been better, or whether it ought be shaken then left for a day or two to infuse the rosewater and then strained before use.

I felt the spices NOT being strained out would be more likely to be more fragrant against the scalp as it warms with body heat over the day.

The results:
product 1: The hair powder.

I really liked this made in a one-to-one ratio but decided to add extra roses and watercress as they had a far more subtle aroma. This changed the overall smell, but whether it improved it or not would be more of a personal choice. I expected the cloves to overpower everything else, and while it certainly was a strong smell, it wasn't overpowering in my mind.

When sprinkled in the hair along furrows as suggested by Trotula, it smelled very nice. After several hours of wear, the hair retained a really nice scent and I would say this absolutely works.

product 2: The scented rosewater.

This would have smelled lovely without the additives, but with the additives, it was quite lovely, with a stronger rose smell. My liquid was a little full of flotsam due to my roses and watercress not being properly dried and powdered, but it worked quite well.

The test subjects reported that it wasn't itchy or unpleasant to wear and after a day of wear, said perhaps her hair was nicer afterwards.

I used the remainer of the rosewater and spice liquid in my bath and soaked my hair in the water and didn't rinse it out and the following day it seemed a little less frizzy on the ends. This may have been the rosewater entirely, and I reserve judgement until I test that theory.

This was a journey of great discovery, where I discovered:

• Less is more of some things.
• Watercress has quite a sweet smell when dried.
• Air-dried roses take forever and don't crumble well.
• Watercress plants can be bought from supermarkets!
• Galangal is available at all good Indian spice stores.

The "sniff test" audience results:

Being of a scientific mind, I asked both re-enactors and general members of the public to sniff the hair powder and choose a response from four choices. A diverse range of ages were polled, and of 40 people questioned, the responses were as follows:

• OMG no! Get it away from me! (1 vote)
• Meh. Not offensive or inoffensive. (2 votes)
• Smells nice, but I would not use it on my person. (17 votes)
• I would use this in my hair as a medieval person. (20 votes)

The following comments were spontaneously added:

• Like cookies! (3 people)
• MMm! Oh! Like a tea! (3 people)
• That smells like mulled wine! Is that mulled wine? (1 person)
• I can smell Star anise! (4 people)

As a general trend, younger people liked the smell more and would potentially use it as a medieval person, whereas older people liked the smell but not so much that they would wear it. Of the older persons who would wear it, all mentioned cookies or mulled wine at Christmas time, indicating that it invoked good feelings associated with the scent.